Ask Arlene about
Autumn Olive©
By Arlene
Wright-Correll
Autumn olive is a deciduous shrub that can grow as tall as
20 feet. It’s cream to pale yellow flowers bloom in early spring and bring on
an abundance of pink to red berries dotted with scales. The leaves of the
plant are elliptically shaped with a slightly wavy margin. It is
distinguished from other similar shrubs by the silvery scales found on the
lower leaf surface. Although beautiful and fragrant, autumn olive’s
aggressive proliferation negatively affects natural areas throughout Indiana. It is really invasive and although it is not
illegal to sell or buy autumn olive in Indiana, it is recommended that
Hoosiers do not sell, buy or plant autumn olive, and to remove the invasive
from your property. Remember - cutting and burning alone will not get rid
of autumn olive, but will only create more.
Originally a native plant of China,
Japan and Korea
and it made its way to the United States
in 1830. In the 1950s it was widely promoted as a great way to provide wildlife
habitat and erosion control in environmentally disturbed areas. While it
did make available habitat and food for wildlife, it soon became a really major
problem as autumn olive began to rapidly spread throughout the state.
Attempts to remove the shrub by cutting and/or burning
created even more autumn olive and only made matters worse because it out-competes
and displaces native plants by creating a dense shade that hinders the growth
of plants that need lots of sun.
It can produce up to 200,000 seeds each year, and can spread
over a variety of habitats as its nitrogen-fixing root nodules allows the plant
to grow in even the most unfavorable soils. Not to mention that it reproduces
quickly and with little effort at all.
Even though you may attempt to remove autumn olive by
cutting or burning from your property you can cause unwanted spreading as the
shrub germinates easily.
Birds are quite attracted to the seeds and will scatter
them throughout pastures, along roadsides and near fences and these
include song- birds such as thrushes, cardinals, cedar waxwings,
evening grosbeaks, sparrows, bobwhite, ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasants,
wild turkeys, and mallards.
Mammals including raccoons, skunks, opossums,
and even black bears will eat it also.
Goats and sheep will eat autumn olive readily
and effectively control repeated heavy defoliation in spring and early summer;
although goats can clear brush in a single season, multiple years are
needed to actually kill the shrubs.
Scientific Name: Elaeagnus umbellata
Type: deciduous, either shrub or tree
Size: up to 20 feet tall & 30 feet wide
Stems: silvery or golden brown; speckled; often with thorns
Leaves: grayish green with silvery scales on bottom side;
has a shimmery look to it
Flowers: in clusters; bell-shaped, cream to light yellow
petals; fragrant; bloom in April -June
Fruits: fleshy, silvery with brown scales to a speckled red
when matured; edible to both animals and humans
Reproduction: by seed or propagation by stump sprouting
and/or roots
Habitat: forests edges, meadows, open woods, pastures,
riverbanks, roadsides, streams and disturbed areas
Impacts: invasive specie; increases nitrogen levels in soil;
possibly beneficial to black walnut
Similar Native Species: Silver-berry; however, not native to
Indiana
On the good side until recently, few people were aware that
the berries of autumn olive, Elaeagnus umbellata,
are edible. But the secret is out. More and more are harvesting these
tasty fruits for both sweet and savory dishes such as jam, pies, breads and
even wine.
AUTUMN OLIVE WINE
4-5 pounds autumn olive fruit
2 lbs granulated sugar
1ź tsp yeast nutrient
ź tsp tannin
1 crushed Campden tablet
1 tsp pectic enzyme.
3 qts water
Lalvin RC212 (Bourgovin) wine yeast
Put 2 qts water on to boil. Meanwhile, wash and cull fruit
for soundness. Put fruit in nylon straining bag, tie closed, and place in
primary container. Bruise fruit by squashing with hands or a piece of hardwood,
being careful not to crack seed. Pour boiling water over fruit and cover
primary.
Combine remaining water with sugar and stir until
dissolved--may heat the water to aid in dissolving sugar. Add sugar-water to
primary, replace cover and set aside to cool. When room temperature, stir in
tannin, yeast nutrient and crushed Campden.
Replace cover and set aside for 12 hours. Stir in pectic
enzyme and again cover primary and set aside. After 12 hours, add activated
yeast and again cover the primary. Stir twice daily until s.g. drops to 1.015
(1-2 weeks).
Remove nylon straining bag, squeezing well to extract juice.
Allow to settle and rack to secondary and fit airlock. Wait 30 days, then rack,
top up and refit airlock. Repeat when wine clears. Allow another 60 days under
airlock. Stabilize, sweeten to taste if desired, wait 10 days, and rack into
bottles.
Age six months before tasting and also you will find it improves
with age.
Health Benefits of
Autumn Olive. The most common fact you will read about autumn olive is that
it contains 5 to 15 times more antioxidant lycopene than in tomatoes.
But besides lycopene autumn berries is also a source of vitamin
C (around 28 mg/100g), as well as other vitamins, antioxidants, and minerals.
Medicinal use of
Autumn Olive:
The flowers are astringent, cardiac and stimulant. The seeds
are used as a stimulant in the treatment of coughs. The expressed oil from
the seeds is used in the treatment of pulmonary affections. The fruit of many
members of this genus is a very rich source of vitamins and minerals,
especially in vitamins A, C and E, flavonoids and other bio-active compounds.
It is also a fairly good source of essential fatty acids, which is fairly
unusual for a fruit. It is being investigated as a food that is
capable of reducing the incidence of cancer and also as a means of halting
or reversing the growth of cancers.
There does not seem to be any health habits of Autumn Olive.
We do not offer it in any form at Home Farm Herbery simply
because of it’s invasiveness.
May the Creative
Force be with you!
Arlene Wright-Correll
Labels: Ask Arlene about Autumn Olive